Agriculture remains the primary source of livelihood for over half of the Indian population; however, small-scale farmers, who account for more than 82% of this segment, face numerous challenges such as rising labor costs, exhaustion, and substantial investments required for modern machinery. This study focuses on creating a prototype machine that addresses the technological gap by designing an affordable and efficient IoT-based multipurpose agricultural machine. The machine's design utilizes an MS ladder frame structure and incorporates four essential agricultural functions: motorized seeding, irrigation, grass cutting, and ploughing.
This combined technology utilizing an Arduino UNO and an HC-05 Bluetooth Module can automatically perform tasks with accuracy and low torque through an application running on a smartphone, while also engaging in manual tasks such as ploughing that require high torque. The experimental results indicate that this machine can cover a 100m² areas in 45 minutes, representing a 62.5% decrease in time compared to traditional farming methods. Additionally, the machine demonstrates 92% efficiency in weed elimination and achieves a 40% reduction in water usage due to its effective water supply system. The cost associated with building this machine is 60% less than that of manual cultivation.