The Pataleshwar Cave Temple, situated on Jangli Maharaj Road in Pune, Maharashtra, is an 8th-century rock-cut Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva, attributed to the Rashtrakuta dynasty (c. 753–982 CE). Recognized as one of the oldest structural temples in Pune and an active locus of living heritage, the temple encapsulates multiple dimensions of the Indian Knowledge System (IKS)—spanning Vastu Shastra, Shilpa Shastra, Agama tradition, sacred cosmology, iconography, archaeo-astronomy, sustainable rock engineering, and intangible cultural heritage. This paper undertakes an interdisciplinary investigation of the temple from the IKS perspective, analyzing its architectural grammar, sculptural iconology, ritual spatial organization, cosmological symbolism, and contemporary relevance. Evidence is drawn from epigraphic records, classical Sanskrit treatises including the Manasara, Mayamata, and Kamika Agama, Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) reports, and comparative analysis with coeval Rashtrakuta monuments at Ellora. The study demonstrates that the temple is not merely an archaeological artefact but a multi-layered knowledge interface encoding advanced principles of structural mechanics, sacred geometry, hydraulic design, and community epistemology. Its systematic study and preservation are imperative for revitalizing India’s indigenous architectural and spiritual knowledge traditions in the light of the National Education Policy 2020 and the UGC’s Indian Knowledge Systems initiative.